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In the top bar, A-, A and A+ change the text size. “High contrast” switches to white and yellow on black. “Text only” removes images so pages load faster on slow connections. Your choice is remembered in this browser; no account is needed.

You can also use your browser’s zoom (Ctrl and +); pages work up to 400% without sideways scrolling.

This website is built to work with common screen readers, such as NVDA and JAWS (Windows), VoiceOver (Mac and iPhone) and TalkBack (Android). Every page starts with a “Skip to main content” link, uses real headings and landmarks, and gives every image and chart a text alternative.

The language button at the top of every page lists English and the 22 languages of the Eighth Schedule, and opens the same page in the language you choose.

Page text is available in English, Hindi and Maithili. In the other languages, menus and labels are translated and page text is shown in English, with a notice. Translations are drafts awaiting review — we say so on every page and never machine-translate on the fly.

Every claim and publication carries a status label — such as “Primary source”, “Interpretation” or “Provisional”. What they mean is explained in our editorial policy.

Every download states its format, size and language. Any PDF reader opens our PDFs; CSV files open in any spreadsheet program.

If a page does not work for you, see the accessibility statement or tell us.